Abstract: This paper takes 14 prefecture-level cities in Gansu Province as the research object, on the basis of exploratory spatial data analysis, the spatial measurement model is constructed using spatial panel data to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics and influencing factors of the difference in population urbanization levels from 2008 to 2018. The results show that:(1) The spatial distribution pattern of population urbanization level in Gansu Province is high in Hexi region and low in Southeast Gansu region. The regional spatial difference is obvious, and the development speed of population urbanization in Gansu Province shows the development trend of central area>Southeast Gansu region>Hexi area. (2) The global spatial autocorrelation of population urbanization in Gansu Province is significant, showing obvious agglomeration distribution characteristics, the spatial pattern remains relatively stable. At the same time, the spatial distribution of cold and hot spots is relatively stable, and the clumped distribution is roughly 'hot in the west and cold in the east'. (3) The spatial difference of population urbanization in Gansu Province is jointly affected by economic and social development, and the urban-rural income gap, industrial structure, regional innovation ability and the level of opening to the outside world are the main factors.